Pulmonary insulin crystals

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods and compositions for treating diabetes by administering acylated insulin or an acylated insulin analog via a pulmonary route. The insulin or insulin analog may be in the form of a dry powder or a solution.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to zinc free insulin crystals having a diameter below 10μm and to therapeutic powder formulations suitable for pulmonary administration comprising such insulin crystals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Diabetes is a general term for disorders in man having excessive urine excretion as in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the ability to utilize glucose is more or less completely lost. About 2% of all people suffer from diabetes.

[0003] Since the introduction of insulin in the 1920's, continuous strides have been made to improve the treatment of diabetes mellitus. To help avoid extreme glycaemia levels, diabetic patients often practice multiple injection therapy, whereby insulin is administered with each meal.

[0004] Insulin is usually administrated by s.c. or i.m. injections. However, due to the adherent discomfort of injections alternative ways of administration such as nasal and pulmonary has been extensively investigated. For a review on alternative routes of administration of insulin, see Danielsen et al. New routes and means of insulin delivery, in: Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes (Ed. Kelnar), Chapman & Hall Medical, London 1994, pp. 571-584.

[0005] In order to circumvent injections, administration of insulin via the pulmonary route could be an alternative way to provide absorption profiles which mimic the endogenous insulin without the need to inject the insulin.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BACKGROUND ART

[0006] Administration of insulin via the pulmonary route can be accomplished by either an aqueous solution or a powder preparation. A description of the details can be found in several references, one of the latest being by Niven, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Sys, 12(2&3):151-231 (1995). One aspect covered in said review is the stability issue of protein formulations, aqueous solutions being less stable than powder formulation. So far, all powder formulations have been described as mainly amorphous.

[0007] A review of the permeation enhancers useful for the promotion of trans-mucosal absorption is found in Sayani et al., Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Sys, 13(1&2): 85-184 (1996). Patton et al., Inhale Therapeutic Systems, PCT WO 95/24183, claim a method for aerosolising a dose of insulin comprising providing the insulin as a dry powder dispersing an amount of the dry powder in a gas stream to form an aerosol capturing the aerosol in a chamber for subsequent inhalation.

[0008] It has been found that when insulin is combined with an appropriate absorption enhancer and is introduced into the lower respiratory tract in the form of a powder of appropriate particle size, it readily enters the systemic circulation by absorption through the layer of epithelial cells in the lower respiratory tract as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,203. The manufacturing process described in said patent, comprising dissolution of insulin at acid pH followed by a pH adjustment to pH 7.4 and addition of sodium taurocholate before drying the solution by vacuum concentration, open drying, spray drying, or freeze drying, results in a powder composed of human insulin and absorption enhancer. The powder is characterized as mainly amorphous determined under a polarized light microscope. The desired particle size distribution is achieved by micronizing in a suitable mill, such as a jet mill, and the components may be mixed before or after micronizing. The biological effect of the powder obtained according to the methods described in this patent is only seen in the presence of a substantial amount of enhancer.

[0009] Platz et al., Inhale Therapeutic Systems, PCT WO 96/32149, describes spray drying of zinc insulin from a solution containing mannitol and a citrate buffer, pH 6.7. The inlet temperature is 120 to 122° C., the outlet temperature 80-81° C. The mass median aerodynamic diameter, MMAd, of the obtained insulin particles was determined to 1.3 to 1.5 μm.

[0010] In his thesis, “Insulin Crystals”, Munksgaard Publisher 1958, p. 54-55, Schlichtkrull describes crystallisation of zinc free, recrystallised porcine insulin from a solution comprising 0.01 M sodium acetate and 0.7%˜0.12 M sodium chloride and 0.1% methylparahydroxybenzoate and using a pH of 7.0. The crystals obtained were 10-50 μm rhombic dodecahedral crystals showing no birefringence.

[0011] Jackson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,719,655 describes a method of purification of crude porcine and bovine insulin by crystallisation. Zinc free crystals of insulin are obtained by crystallisation at pH 8.2 (range 7.2-10) in the presence of 0.5 M (range 0.2 M-1 M) of a sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium salt. Crystallisation is achieved by addition of 1 N alkali metal hydroxide or 1 N ammonia to a solution of crude insulin in 0.5 N acetic acid to a pH of 8.2 is obtained. Alternatively, crystallisation is achieved in an aqueous solution of impure insulin at pH 8.2 by addition of solid sodium chloride to a concentration of sodium ions of 0.45 M. The crystals appear in the octadecahedral or dodecahedral forms, i.e. crystals belonging to the cubic crystal system.

[0012] Baker et al., Lilly, EP 0 709 395 A2 (filed Oct. 31, 1994) describe a zinc free crystallisation process for Lys^(B28)-Pro^(B29) human insulin characterised by adjustment of the pH of a strongly buffered acid solution containing metal cations or ammonium ions and a preservative with metal hydroxide or ammonia to a value between 8.5 and 9.5.

[0013] The known methods for the manufacture of insulin particles of the desired size for pulmonary administration are cumbersome, generates problems with insulin dust and the investments in equipment are large. Furthermore, insulin is exposed to conditions where some denaturation is likely to take place. Thus WO 96/32149 disclose spray drying in a temperature range of 50° C. to 100° C., followed by milling of the particles to achieve to desired particle size.

[0014] Furthermore, the known powder formulations for pulmonary administration which have been described as mainly amorphous have a tendency to associate into aggregates in the dry powder.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] Definitions

[0016] The expression “enhancer” as used herein refers to a substance enhancing the absorption of insulin, insulin analogue or insulin derivative through the layer of epithelial cells lining the alveoli of the lung into the adjacent pulmonary vasculature, i.e. the amount of insulin absorbed into the systemic system is higher than the amount absorbed in the absence of enhancer.

[0017] In the present context the expression “powder” refers to a collection of essentially dry particles, i.e. the moisture content being below about 10 % by weight, preferably below 6% by weight, and most preferably below 4% by weight.

[0018] The diameter of the crystals is defined as the Martin's diameter. It is measured as the length of the line, parallel to the ocular scale, that divides the randomly oriented crystals into two equal projected areas

[0019] Brief Description of the Invention

[0020] It is an object of the present invention to provide an insulin powder suitable for pulmonary delivery which has a reduced tendency to associate into aggregates in the dry powder compared to the pulmonary insulin particles described in the prior art.

[0021] According to the present invention this object has been accomplished by providing zinc free insulin crystals having a diameter below 10 μm.

[0022] The crystals of the present invention furthermore exhibit a better stability profile than powders of essentially the same composition prepared by spray drying, freeze-drying, vacuum drying and open drying. This is probably due to the amorphous state of powders prepared by the other methods described. By this means it is possible to store the powder formulations based on the crystals of the present invention at room temperature in contrary to human insulin preparations for injections and some amorphous insulin powders without stabilizing agent which have to be stored between 2° C. to 8° C.

[0023] Furthermore, therapeutical powder formulations comprising the insulin crystals of the invention elucidates better flowing properties than corresponding amorphous powder formulations.

[0024] Preferred Embodiments

[0025] The zinc free insulin crystals of the invention are advantageously provided in a crystal structure belonging to the cubic crystal system, preferably in the octadecahedral or dodecahedral crystal forms, since these crystal forms result in readily soluble product having excellent flowing properties.

[0026] The diameter of the insulin crystals is advantageously kept in the range of 0.2 to 5 μm, preferably in the range of 0.2 to 2 μm, more preferably in the range of 0.5 and 1 μm, to ensure high bioavailability and suitable profile of action, see PCT application No. WO 95/24183 and PCT application No. WO 96/32149.

[0027] In a preferred embodiment the insulin used is selected from the group consisting of human insulin, bovine insulin or porcine insulin, preferably human insulin.

[0028] In another preferred embodiment the insulin used is selected from the group consisting of rapid-acting insulins, preferably des(B30) human insulin, Asp^(B28) human insulin or Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin.

[0029] In another preferred embodiment the insulin used is an insulin derivative, preferably selected from the group consisting of B29-N^(ε)-myristoyl-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-palmitoyl-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-myristoyl human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-palmitoyl human insulin, B28-N^(ε)-myristoyl Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, B28-N_(ε)-palmitoyl Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, B30-N^(ε)-myristoyl-Thr^(B29)Lys^(B30) human insulin, B30-N^(ε)-palmitoyl-Thr^(B29)Lys³⁰ human insulin, B29-N⁶⁸-(N-palmitoyl-γ-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(N-lithocholyl-γ-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl)-des(B30) human insulin and B29-N^(ε)-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl) human insulin, more preferably Lys^(B29)(N-ε acylated) des(B30) human insulin.

[0030] The insulin derivatives has a protracted onset of action and may thus compensate the very rapid increase in plasma insulin normally associated with pulmonary delivery. By carefully selecting the type of insulin, the present invention enables adjustment of the timing and to obtain the desired biological response within a defined time span.

[0031] In order to avoid irritation of the lungs and to eliminate immunological reactions, the employed insulin is preferably insulin which has been purified by chromatography, such as MC insulin (Novo), Single Peak insulin (E. Lilly) and RI insulin (Nordisk).

[0032] In a preferred embodiment the zinc free insulin crystals according to the invention further comprise a stabilizing amount of a phenolic compound, preferably m-cresol or phenol, or a mixture of these compounds.

[0033] The present invention is furthermore concerned with a therapeutic powder formulation suitable for pulmonary administration comprising the zinc free crystals described above.

[0034] In a preferred embodiment this therapeutic powder formulation further comprises an enhancer which enhances the absorption of insulin in the lower respiratory tract.

[0035] The enhancer is advantageously a surfactant, preferably selected from the group consisting of salts of fatty acids, bile salts or phospholipids, more preferably a bile salt.

[0036] Preferred fatty acids salts are salts of C₁₀₋₁₄ fatty acids, such as sodium caprate, sodium laurate and sodium myristate.

[0037] Lysophosphatidylcholine is a preferred phospholipid.

[0038] Preferred bile salts are salts of ursodeoxycholate, taurocholate, glycocholate and taurodihydrofusidate. Still more preferred are powder formulations according to the invention wherein the enhancer is a salt of taurocholate, preferably sodium taurocholate.

[0039] The molar ratio of insulin to enhancer in the powder formulation of the present invention is preferably 9:1 to 1:9, more preferably between 5:1 to 1:5, and still more preferably between 3:1 to 1:3.

[0040] The powder formulations of the present invention may optionally be combined with a carrier or excipient generally accepted as suitable for pulmonary administration. The purpose of adding a carrier or excipient may be as a bulking agent, stabilizing agent or an agent improving the flowing properties.

[0041] Suitable carrier agents include 1) carbohydrates, e.g. monosaccharides such as fructose, galactose, glucose, sorbose, and the like; 2) disaccharides, such as lactose, trehalose and the like; 3) polysaccharides, such as raffinose, maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; 4) alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, and the like; 5) inorganic salts, such as sodium chloride, and the like; 6) organic salts, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like. A preferred.group of carriers includes trehalose, raffinose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, inositol, sucrose, sodium chloride and sodium citrate.

[0042] The crystals of the present invention are advantageously produced according to the following procedure:

[0043] a) providing a solution of insulin having a pH between 7.0 and 9.5;

[0044] b) mixing said solution with a solution of a salt of an alkali metal or an ammonium salt; and

[0045] c) recovering the formed crystals.

[0046] The salt of an alkali metal or ammonium is preferably selected from the group consisting of the hydrochloride or acetate of sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonia, or mixtures thereof, more preferably sodium acetate.

[0047] In order to suppress the solubility of the crystals formed, the solution of insulin and/or the solution of a salt of an alkali metal or an ammonium salt preferably comprises a water miscible organic solvent in an amount which corresponds to 5 to 25% (v/v) in the solution obtained after mixing.

[0048] The water miscible organic solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, acetone and 2-propanol, more preferably ethanol.

[0049] A very uniform distribution of crystal sizes and crystals of the same crystallographic form are obtained when the two solutions are mixed within a period of less than 2 hours, preferably less than 1 hour, more preferably less than 15 minutes, still more preferably less than 5 minutes.

[0050] The crystallisation process by which uniformly sized, small, zinc free crystals is obtained directly, without the use of milling, micronizing, sieving and other dust generating steps, is much to be preferred from the present state of the art in the manufacture of insulin powders for inhalation.

[0051] The concentration of insulin after mixing is preferably between 0.5% and 10%, more preferably between 0.5% and 5%, still more preferably between 0.5% and 2%.

[0052] The concentration of salt after mixing is preferably between 0.2 M and 2 M, more preferably about 1 M.

[0053] The method according to the present invention may further comprise a washing step, in which the crystals obtained are washed with a solution comprising auxiliary substances to be included in the final dry powder, preferably an enhancer and/or a carbohydrate, and optionally comprising 5-25% of an alcohol, preferably ethanol, 5-50 mM of a preservative preferably phenol, and 0.1-2 M of a salt such as sodium acetate.

[0054] This invention is further illustrated by the following examples which, however, are not to be construed as limiting.

EXAMPLE 1

[0055] Crystallisation in 1 M Sodium Acetate.

[0056] 2 g of highly purified human insulin is dissolved in 100 ml 10 mM tris buffer, pH 8.0 in 20% (v/v) of ethanol in water. To this solution is added 100 ml 2 M sodium acetate under stirring. A precipitate forms immediately. After 2 days at room temperature microscopy shows small crystals having a diameter between 0.5 and 1 μm. The crystals are collected by centrifugation at −10° C., washed once with 20 ml ice cold 10% ethanol (v/v) in water, isolated by centrifugation and dried by lyophilization. The obtained crystals are shown in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 2

[0057] Crystallisation in the Presence of Taurocholic Acid Sodium Salt.

[0058] 10 mg of human insulin and 5 mg of taurocholic acid sodium salt are dissolved in 500 μl 10 mM tris buffer, pH 8.0 in 20% (v/v) of ethanol in water. To this solution is added 500 μl 2 M sodium acetate. Microscopy after 1 hour and after 24 hours shows identically appearance of the crystals, i.e. uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm. The crystals were washed three times with 100 μl 10% (v/v) ethanol in water at −10° C. and dried in vacuo. HPLC of the crystals showed that the washings had removed the taurocholic acid sodium salt from the insulin crystals.

EXAMPLE 3

[0059] Crystallisation in the Presence of Tween 80, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, chitosan, L-α-lysophosphatidylcholine myristoyl and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate.

[0060] Crystallisation was performed as described in Example 2 except that taurocholic acid sodium salt was replaced by 0.6% (w/v) Tween 80, 0.56% (w/v) bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt, 0.32% (w/v) chitosan, 0.52% (w/v) L-α-lysophosphtidylcholine myristoyl, and 1% (w/v) polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, respectively. All five examples resulted in uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm.

EXAMPLE 4

[0061] Crystallisation in 10% (v/v) Ethanol.

[0062] Crystallisation was performed in 10% (v/v) ethanol as described in Example 1, using 4 combinations of pH and concentration of sodium acetate:

[0063] 4.1:pH 7.5 and 1 M sodium acetate

[0064] 4.2:pH 7.5 and 1.5 M sodium acetate

[0065] 4.3:pH 9.0 and 1 M sodium acetate

[0066] 4.4:pH 9.0 and 1.5 M sodium acetate

[0067] All 4 combinations yielded uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm.

EXAMPLE 5

[0068] Crystallisation in 15% (v/v) Ethanol.

[0069] Crystallisation was performed in 15% (v/v) ethanol, using 6 combinations of pH and concentration of sodium acetate:

[0070] 5.1:pH 7.5 and 1 M sodium acetate

[0071] 5.2:pH 7.5 and 1.5 M sodium acetate

[0072] 5.3:pH 7.5 and 2 M sodium acetate

[0073] 5.4:pH 9.0 and 1 M sodium acetate

[0074] 5.5:pH 9.0 and 1.5 M sodium acetate

[0075] 5.6:pH 9.0 and 2 M sodium acetate

[0076] All 6 combinations yielded uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm.

EXAMPLE 6

[0077] Crystallisation in 20% (v/v) Ethanol.

[0078] Crystallisation was performed in 20% (v/v) ethanol using 4 combinations of pH and concentration of sodium acetate:

[0079] 6.1:pH 7.5 and 1 M sodium acetate

[0080] 6.2:pH 7.5 and 1.5 M sodium acetate

[0081] 6.3:pH 7.5 and 2 M sodium acetate

[0082] 6.4:pH 9.0 and 1 M sodium acetate

[0083] All 4 combinations yielded uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm.

EXAMPLE 7

[0084] Crystallisation at pH 7.5, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0 in 20% Ethanol (v/v) Using Slow Addition of Sodium Acetate.

[0085] Crystallisation was performed using solutions as described in Example 1, except that the 2 M sodium acetate was dissolved in 20% (v/v) ethanol in water. The pH of the insulin solutions were adjusted to 7..5, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0, respectively. The sodium acetate solution was added in 12 aliquots over a period of 2 hours, using 10 min between additions. At all 4 pH values uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm were obtained.

EXAMPLE 8

[0086] Crystallisation of Lys^(B29)(ε-myristoyl) des(B30) Human Insulin in the Presence of Taurocholic Acid Sodium Salt.

[0087] 10 mg of Lys^(B29)(ε-myristoyl) des(B30) human insulin and 5 mg of taurocholic acid sodium salt are dissolved in 500 μl 10 mM tris buffer, pH 8.0 in 20% (v/v) of ethanol in water. To this solution is added 500 μl 2 M sodium acetate. Microscopy after 1 hour and after 24 hours shows identically appearance of the crystals, i.e. uniformly sized crystals having diameters between 0.5 and 1 μm. The crystals were washed once with 300 μl 10% (v/v) ethanol in water at −10° C. and dried in vacuo. HPLC of the crystals showed that the washings had removed the taurocholic acid sodium salt from the crystals of Lys^(B29)(ω-myristoyl) des(B30) human insulin. 

1. Zinc free insulin crystals having a diameter below 10 μm.
 2. Zinc free insulin crystals according to claim 1 having a crystal structure belonging to the cubic crystal system.
 3. Zinc free insulin crystals according to claim 2 in the octadecahedral or dodecahedral crystal forms.
 4. Zinc free insulin crystals according to any one of the preceding claims having a diameter in the range of 0.2 to 5 μm, preferably in the range of 0.2 to 2 μm, more preferably in the range of 0.5 and 1 μm.
 5. Zinc free insulin crystals according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the insulin is selected from the group consisting of human insulin, bovine insulin or porcine insulin.
 6. Zinc free insulin crystals according to claim 5 wherein the insulin is human insulin.
 7. Zinc free insulin crystals according to any one claims 1 to 4, wherein the insulin is a rapid-acting insulin, preferably des(B30) human insulin, Asp^(B28) human insulin or Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin.
 8. Zinc free insulin crystals according to any one claims 1 to 4, wherein the insulin is an insulin derivative, preferably selected from the group consisting of B29-N^(ε)-myristoyl-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-palmitoyl-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-myristoyl human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-palmitoyl human insulin, B28-N^(ε)-myristoyl Lys^(B28)Pro_(B29) human insulin, B28-N^(ε)-palmitoyl Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, B30-N^(ε)-myristoyl-Thr^(B29)Lys^(B30) human insulin, B30-N^(ε)-palmitoyl-Thr^(B29)Lys^(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(N-palmitoyl-γ-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(N-lithocholyl-γ-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl)-des(B30) human insulin and B29-N^(ε)-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl) human insulin.
 9. Zinc free insulin crystals according to claim 8 wherein the insulin is Lys^(B29)(N-εacylated) des(B3) human insulin.
 10. Zinc free insulin crystals according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising a stabilizing amount of a phenolic compound.
 11. Zinc free insulin crystals according to claim 10 which comprises m-cresol or phenol, or a mixture thereof.
 12. A therapeutic powder formulation suitable for pulmonary administration comprising the zinc free crystals according to any one of the preceding claims.
 13. A therapeutic powder formulation according to claim 12 which further comprises an enhancer which enhances the absorption of insulin in the lower respiratory tract.
 14. A therapeutic powder formulation according to claim 13 wherein the enhancer is a surfactant.
 15. A therapeutic powder formulation according to claim 14 wherein the surfactant is a salt of a fatty acid, a bile salt or a phospholipid, preferably a bile salt.
 16. A therapeutic powder formulation according to claim 15 wherein the surfactant is a salt of taurocholate, preferably sodium taurocholate.
 17. A therapeutic powder formulation according to anyone of claims 12 to 16 which further comprises a carrier, preferably selected from the group consisting of trehalose, raffinose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, inositol, sucrose, sodium chloride and sodium citrate.
 18. A method for the preparation of zinc free insulin crystals according to any of the claims 1 to 11, comprising the steps of: a) providing a solution of insulin having a pH between 7.0 and 9.5; b) mixing said solution with a solution of a salt of an alkali metal or an ammonium salt; and c) recovering the formed crystals.
 19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the salt of an alkali metal or ammonium is selected from the group consisting of the hydrochloride or acetate of sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonia, or mixtures thereof, preferable sodium acetate.
 20. A method according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the solution of insulin and/or the solution of a salt of an alkali metal or an ammonium salt comprises a water miscible organic solvent in an amount which corresponds to 5 to 25 % (v/v) in the solution obtained after mixing.
 21. A method according to claim 20, wherein the water miscible organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, acetone and 2-propanol, preferably ethanol.
 22. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the two solutions are mixed within a period of less than 2 hours, preferably less than 1 hour, more preferably less than 15 minutes, still more preferably less than 5 minutes.
 23. A.method according to any one of claims 18 to 22, wherein the concentration of insulin after mixing is between 0.5% and 10%, preferably between 0.5% and 5%, more preferably between 0.5% and 2%.
 24. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 23, wherein the concentration of salt after mixing is between 0.2 M and 2 M, preferably about 1 M.
 25. A method according to any one of claims 18 to 24, which further comprises a washing step, in which the crystals obtained are washed with a solution comprising auxiliary substances to be included in the final dry powder, preferably an enhancer and/or a carbohydrate, and optionally comprising 5-25% of an alcohol, preferably ethanol, 5-50 mM of a preservative preferably phenol, and 0.1-2 M of a salt such as sodium acetate.
 26. Use of zinc free crystals according to any one of the claims 1 to 11 for the manufacture of a therapeutic powder formulation suitable for pulmonary administration in the treatment in diabetes mellitus.
 27. A method of treating diabetes mellitus comprising administering to a person in need of such treatment an effective amount of a therapeutic powder formulation according to any one of the claims 12 to
 17. 28. A method of treating diabetes mellitus comprising administering by pulmonary delivery to a person in need of such treatment an effective amount of an insulin derivative having a protracted onset of action, preferably selected from the group consisting of B29-N^(ε)-myristoyl-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-palmitoyl-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-myristoyl human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-palmitoyl human insulin, B28-N^(ε)-myristoyl Lys^(B28) Pro^(B29) human insulin, B28-N^(ε)-palmitoyl Lys^(B28) Pro^(B29) human insulin, B30-N^(ε)-myristoyl-Thr^(B29)Lys^(B30) human insulin, B30-N^(ε)-palmitoyl-Thr^(B29)Lys^(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(N-palmitoyl-γ-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(N-lithocholyl-γ-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N^(ε)-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl)-des(B30) human insulin and B29-N^(ε)-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl) human insulin. 